Figure 5. Pathophysiological mechanisms, subclinical abnormalities, and clinical manifestations of diabetic cardiomyopathy. AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; CMP, cardiomyopathy; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. *In patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus.